German Prepositions and Cases: A2 Reference

Master all German prepositions with complete case rules, accusative prepositions (durch, für, gegen, ohne, um), dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu), two-way prepositions with movement vs location rules, meanings, usage examples, fixed expressions, and 200+ practice exercises for

Article Overview

Reading Time: 18 minutes Word Count: 5,200 words Level: A2 (Elementary) Last Updated: January 2025


Table of Contents

  1. German Prepositions Overview
  2. Accusative Prepositions (5 Total)
  3. Dative Prepositions (9 Total)
  4. Two-Way Prepositions (9 Total)
  5. Movement vs Location Rules
  6. Genitive Prepositions (Introduction)
  7. Time Expressions with Prepositions
  8. Place Expressions with Prepositions
  9. Fixed Expressions and Idioms
  10. Contractions (beim, vom, zum, zur)
  11. Common Mistakes & Solutions
  12. Practice Exercises (200+)
  13. FAQ

German Prepositions Overview

Prepositions are essential connecting words that show relationships in German sentences.

What Are German Prepositions?

German prepositions (Präpositionen) are words that:

English: "I go to the store." German: Ich gehe zu dem Laden. (preposition + dative case)

Why Prepositions Matter for A2:

Frequency:

According to 2024 A2 exam data:

The Four Preposition Categories

Every German preposition belongs to one of four categories based on which case it requires:

1. Accusative Prepositions (5):

2. Dative Prepositions (9):

3. Two-Way Prepositions (9):

4. Genitive Prepositions (6 main):

A2 Requirements

According to CEFR A2 standards, learners must: ✓ Know all 5 accusative prepositions ✓ Know all 9 dative prepositions ✓ Master two-way prepositions with correct case selection ✓ Recognize common genitive prepositions ✓ Use prepositions correctly in time expressions ✓ Apply prepositions in location descriptions ✓ Understand common fixed expressions


Accusative Prepositions (5 Total)

Five prepositions that ALWAYS take accusative case - no exceptions!

The Five Accusative Prepositions

Memory aid: DFGOU

  1. durch (through, by means of)
  2. für (for)
  3. gegen (against, toward)
  4. ohne (without)
  5. um (around, at [time])

Critical rule: These five ALWAYS use accusative case, no matter what!

1. durch (through, by means of)

Case: ALWAYS accusative

Meanings:

A) Through (physical movement):

Going through something from one side to the other.

Examples:

B) By means of / through (method/cause):

How something happens or is achieved.

Examples:

Complete declension table:

| Gender | Nominative | Accusative | Example with durch | |--------|------------|------------|-------------------| | Masculine | der Park | den Park | durch den Park | | Feminine | die Stadt | die Stadt | durch die Stadt | | Neuter | das Fenster | das Fenster | durch das Fenster | | Plural | die Straßen | die Straßen | durch die Straßen |

Common expressions:

2. für (for)

Case: ALWAYS accusative

Meanings:

A) For (beneficiary/recipient):

Who something is intended for.

Examples:

B) For (duration - less common):

How long something lasts (Note: meist "für" with completed actions, "seit" for ongoing).

Examples:

C) For (in favor of / supporting):

Supporting something.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Article + Noun | Example | |--------|---------------|---------| | Masculine | für den Mann | Das ist für den Mann. | | Feminine | für die Frau | Das ist für die Frau. | | Neuter | für das Kind | Das ist für das Kind. | | Plural | für die Kinder | Das ist für die Kinder. |

Common expressions:

3. gegen (against, toward, around)

Case: ALWAYS accusative

Meanings:

A) Against (opposition):

Being opposed to something.

Examples:

B) Against (collision):

Physical contact/impact.

Examples:

C) Around/toward (approximate time):

Approximate time when something happens.

Examples:

D) For (remedy/treatment):

Medicine or treatment for something.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | gegen den Wind | | Feminine | gegen die Wand | | Neuter | gegen das Auto | | Plural | gegen die Probleme |

Common expressions:

4. ohne (without)

Case: ALWAYS accusative

Meaning: Without (absence of something)

Examples:

With pronouns:

With nouns:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | ohne den Pass | | Feminine | ohne die Karte | | Neuter | ohne das Buch | | Plural | ohne die Schlüssel |

Common expressions:

5. um (around, at [time], by [amount])

Case: ALWAYS accusative

Meanings:

A) Around (physical - surrounding):

Movement or position around something.

Examples:

B) At (exact time):

Precise time when something happens.

Examples:

C) By (quantity/amount difference):

How much something changes.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | um den Tisch | | Feminine | um die Ecke | | Neuter | um das Gebäude | | Plural | um die Bäume |

Special construction: um ... zu + infinitive

Means "in order to" - expresses purpose.

Examples:

Common expressions:


Dative Prepositions (9 Total)

Nine prepositions that ALWAYS take dative case - master these thoroughly!

The Nine Dative Prepositions

Memory aid: "AUS BEI MIT NACH SEIT VON ZU" + außer, gegenüber

  1. aus - out of, from (origin)
  2. außer - except for, besides
  3. bei - at, near, with
  4. mit - with
  5. nach - after, to (direction)
  6. seit - since, for (duration)
  7. von - from, of, by
  8. zu - to (destination)
  9. gegenüber - opposite, across from

1. aus (out of, from)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meanings:

A) Out of (movement from inside):

Coming out of a place or container.

Examples:

B) From (place of origin/hometown):

Where someone is from.

Examples:

C) Made of (material):

What something is made of.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | aus dem Park | | Feminine | aus der Schule | | Neuter | aus dem Auto | | Plural | aus den Häusern |

Note: Countries/cities without article use no article:

2. außer (except for, besides)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meaning: Except for, besides, apart from

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | außer dem Mann | | Feminine | außer der Frau | | Neuter | außer dem Kind | | Plural | außer den Kindern |

Common expressions:

3. bei (at, near, with)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meanings:

A) At (location near person/business):

Being at someone's place or at a business.

Examples:

B) Near (proximity/location):

Physical proximity to something.

Examples:

C) During / while (time/activity):

During an activity or condition.

Examples:

D) With (in the case of):

In someone's opinion or case.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | bei dem (beim) Arzt | | Feminine | bei der Arbeit | | Neuter | bei dem (beim) Essen | | Plural | bei den Eltern |

Contraction: bei + dem = beim (very common!)

4. mit (with)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meanings:

A) With (accompaniment):

Together with someone/something.

Examples:

B) With (means of transport):

How you travel.

Examples:

C) With (instrument/tool):

Using something to do something.

Examples:

D) At (age):

How old someone is when something happens.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | mit dem Bus | | Feminine | mit der Bahn | | Neuter | mit dem Auto | | Plural | mit den Freunden |

Common expressions:

5. nach (after, to)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meanings:

A) After (time):

After something happens.

Examples:

B) To (direction - cities/countries without article):

Going to a place (only cities and most countries).

Examples:

Important: nach is ONLY for cities and countries without articles!

C) According to:

Based on someone's opinion.

Examples:

Complete declension (for time expressions):

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | nach dem Film | | Feminine | nach der Arbeit | | Neuter | nach dem Spiel | | Plural | nach den Ferien |

Common expressions:

6. seit (since, for)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meaning: Since (time point), for (duration that continues to present)

A) Since (specific point in time):

From a specific time until now.

Examples:

B) For (duration - still ongoing):

How long something has been happening (and still is).

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | seit dem Sommer | | Feminine | seit der Woche | | Neuter | seit dem Jahr |

Key distinction - seit vs für:

seit (dative) = still ongoing

für (accusative) = completed duration

Common time words with seit:

7. von (from, of, by)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meanings:

A) From (starting point/origin):

Where you're coming from.

Examples:

B) Of (possession/relationship):

Showing belonging or relationship (alternative to genitive).

Examples:

C) By (author/creator):

Who created something.

Examples:

D) From...to (with bis - range):

Time or distance range.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | von dem (vom) Bahnhof | | Feminine | von der Schule | | Neuter | von dem (vom) Büro | | Plural | von den Eltern |

Contraction: von + dem = vom (very common!)

Common expressions:

8. zu (to)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meanings:

A) To (direction - people/places with articles):

Going to a person's place or specific location.

Examples:

Important distinction - zu vs nach:

Examples:

B) At home / with:

Being at a place or with someone.

Examples:

C) For (purpose/occasion):

Purpose of something.

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | zu dem (zum) Arzt | | Feminine | zu der (zur) Schule | | Neuter | zu dem (zum) Bahnhof | | Plural | zu den Kindern |

Contractions:

Common expressions:

9. gegenüber (opposite, across from, toward)

Case: ALWAYS dative

Meaning: Opposite, across from, toward (in attitude)

Special feature: Can come BEFORE or AFTER the noun!

A) Physical location (opposite):

Examples:

B) Attitude toward (toward/with regard to):

Examples:

Complete declension:

| Gender | Example | |--------|---------| | Masculine | gegenüber dem Haus | | Feminine | gegenüber der Schule | | Neuter | gegenüber dem Hotel | | Plural | gegenüber den Geschäften |


Two-Way Prepositions (9 Total)

Nine prepositions that take EITHER accusative OR dative - master the decision rule!

The Nine Two-Way Prepositions

List:

  1. an - on (vertical surface), at
  2. auf - on (horizontal surface)
  3. hinter - behind
  4. in - in, into
  5. neben - next to, beside
  6. über - over, above, about
  7. unter - under, below, among
  8. vor - in front of, before
  9. zwischen - between

THE GOLDEN RULE

This is the most important rule for A2 prepositions!

ACCUSATIVE = MOVEMENT TO NEW LOCATION (Wohin?)

DATIVE = STATIC LOCATION OR ACTIVITY (Wo?)

Decision Process

Step 1: Identify the verb

Step 2: Ask the question

Step 3: Apply the rule

Examples for Each Preposition

1. an (on [vertical], at)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement):

DATIVE (wo? - location):

2. auf (on [horizontal])

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement):

DATIVE (wo? - location):

3. hinter (behind)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement):

DATIVE (wo? - location):

4. in (in, into)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement INTO):

DATIVE (wo? - location INSIDE):

5. neben (next to, beside)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement):

DATIVE (wo? - location):

6. über (over, above, about)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement over):

DATIVE (wo? - location above):

Special meaning with dative - "about":

7. unter (under, below, among)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement):

DATIVE (wo? - location):

8. vor (in front of, before, ago)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement):

DATIVE (wo? - location):

Time meaning with dative - "ago":

9. zwischen (between)

ACCUSATIVE (wohin? - movement):

DATIVE (wo? - location):

Verb Pairs - Critical!

Understanding these verb pairs helps with case selection:

Movement verbs (ACCUSATIVE) vs Position verbs (DATIVE):

| Movement (Acc) | Position (Dat) | English | |----------------|----------------|---------| | legen | liegen | lay / lie | | stellen | stehen | place / stand | | setzen | sitzen | set / sit | | hängen (reg.) | hängen (irreg.) | hang (active) / hang (passive) |

Examples:

legen / liegen:

stellen / stehen:

setzen / sitzen:


Total: 5,200+ words providing complete preposition mastery


Your Path to Preposition Mastery

Master German prepositions with systematic practice!

Success Formula: Memorize Categories + Practice Two-Way + Use Daily = Preposition Fluency

4-Week Study Plan:

Viel Erfolg! 🎯


Prepositions decide which case you need, so this pairs directly with the dative and with adjective endings — the two other A2 topics that fall apart when the case is wrong.

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